2022 energy storage phosphorus

Is phosphorus a sustainable material?

Recently, the ever obscure material-elemental phosphorus (especially crystalline red phosphorus and black phosphorus) has quickly become the pop star in these sustainable studies and continues to grow due to its advances in special molecular structure (various phosphorus atomic clusters as building blocks) and versatility in modifications.

How much phosphorus will EV batteries have by 2050?

By 2050, EV batteries containing about 1 Mt of phosphorus could reach their end-of-life (Fig. 1b ). The potential cumulative demand reduction as a function of phosphorous recycling rate is shown in Fig. 1d.

What is the phosphorus demand for light-duty EV batteries?

The cumulative phosphorus demand for light-duty EV batteries from 2020 to 2050 is in the range of 28–35 Mt in the SD scenario (Fig. 1c ). However, there are considerable uncertainties related to this phosphorus demand.

Will phosphorus demand increase from 2020 to 2050?

Demand for phosphorus for battery-grade precursor production could increase by as much as a factor of 40 from 2020 to 2050 according to our model.

How much phosphorus will be required for LFP batteries in 2050?

We can confirm the calculation of Spears et al. 2: in the sustainable development (SD) scenario, which assumes a faster EV fleet growth than the stated policies (STEP) scenario, up to 3 Mt of phosphorus will be required for the production of LFP batteries in 2050 (Fig. 1a ).

Will closed-loop EV battery recycling reduce phosphorus demand?

Closed-loop EV battery recycling could lower the demand for primary phosphorous, however, recycling technologies are still in their very beginnings. By 2050, EV batteries containing about 1 Mt of phosphorus could reach their end-of-life (Fig. 1b ).