Waste negative electrode of energy storage battery

How is e-waste affecting batteries?

The increasing amount of e-waste is raising concerns about the detection and quantification of potential contaminants in batteries. A number of pollutive agents has been already identified in batteries, including lead, cadmium, lithium, and other heavy metals.

What materials are used for negative electrodes?

Carbon materials, including graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs).

What is the specific capacity of a negative electrode material?

As the negative electrode material of SIBs, the material has a long period of stability and a specific capacity of 673 mAh g −1 when the current density is 100 mAh g −1.

Are graphene-based negative electrodes recyclable?

The development of graphene-based negative electrodes with high efficiency and long-term recyclability for implementation in real-world SIBs remains a challenge. The working principle of LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, and other alkaline metal-ion batteries, and the ion storage mechanism of carbon materials are very similar.

What has impaired the regulation of battery recycling?

Parallel to the challenging regulatory landscape of battery recycling, the lack of adequate nanomaterial risk assessment has impaired the regulation of their inclusion at a product level. The environmental impact of battery emerging contaminants has not yet been thoroughly explored by research.

Are carbon materials suitable for negative electrode materials of sibs & PIBS?

Compared with other materials, carbon materials are abundant, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, and have excellent electrochemical properties, which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.