The huge energy storage of internal circulation

How is energy generated by the heart calculated?

Energy generated by the heart can be divided into actual produced energy (ie, external work [EW] or stroke work) and potential energy. These parameters can best be estimated by generation of a pressure–volume (PV) loop of the cardiac cycle by use of a conductance catheter placed in the left ventricle (Figure 1 A).

How does the cardiac muscle adapt to increased energy demand?

To ensure this essential function, cardiac muscle adapt to increased energy demand or compromised energy supply by reprogramming the network of genes whose products are necessary to match the production of energy to consumption.

What is the importance of incessant production of cellular energy?

Electronic address: [email protected]. In mammalian heart, incessant production of cellular energy is vital for maintaining continuous mechanical pumping function providing the body for oxygen and nutrients.

What happens to the heart's energy expenditure?

Regardless of efficiency, the already inefficient and failing heart is forced to further increase its total energy expenditure, with potential deleterious effects. Depending on the magnitude of each of these effects, mechanical efficiency may either be increased, decreased, or unaltered.

What is the primary source of energy for the heart?

The heart is an aerobic organ that relies almost exclusively on the aerobic oxidation of substrates for generation of energy.

Does a 550 MWe USC CFB boiler have internal circulation?

Experimental tests were performed on a 550-MWe USC CFB boiler designed with INTREX. Internal circulation is found to be significant under a low-load condition. Heat transfer in the INTREX is found to be enhanced by the internal circulation. The flow rate of internal circulation is found to be increased as load decreases.