The safety issues of energy storage systems mainly focus on

Are rechargeable energy storage systems safe?

In this chapter the safety of rechargeable energy storage systems is discussed with a focus on Li-ion batteries. The main hazards, such as fire, explosion, direct electrical hazards (electrical shock and arcing), indirect electrical hazards, and chemical hazards are reviewed.

What happens when a rechargeable energy storage system dies?

In general, rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS) exhibit a progressive capacity fade until the remaining capacity is too low for the specific application and the RESS thereby reaches its end of life. Under certain circumstances though, safety-relevant events can occur during operation or storage.

What is an example of a hazard in a Ress system?

Indirect hazards, such as fire and toxic gas release, are the consequences of overheating caused by, for example, Joule heating during electrical abusive conditions (e.g., short circuit and overcharge). The hazard level of electric shock depends on the overall voltage of the RESS system.

How to protect EVs from unforeseen abuse?

Additionally, measures, such as protection of RESS software against modification or provision of information or training should be considered to avoid safety events related to unforeseen abuse (e.g., tuning of EVs by amateurs).

Is Ress liable for safety events?

Even though legal responsibility for such safety events might lie with the actor, measures—such as protection of RESS software against modification or provision of information or training—should be taken to avoid such safety events.