Ideas and measures for industrialization of vanadium liquid flow energy storage

What is a vanadium flow battery?

Vanadium Flow Batteries (VFBs) are a stationary energy storage technology, that can play a pivotal role in the integration of renewable sources into the electrical grid, thanks to unique advantages like power and energy independent sizing, no risk of explosion or fire and extremely long operating life.

Where can vanadium be sold?

Alternatively, vanadium can be sold to the iron and steel industry which sums up 80% of the whole vanadium demand, in a market trend where the production of vanadium is constantly increasing, from 35,000 t in 1994 to almost 90,000 t in 2020 .

What are aqueous inorganic vanadium RFBS (vfbs)?

Aqueous inorganic vanadium RFBs (VFBs) were a technical success, particularly as the system is “symmetric,” where the same species can be used as a catholyte (positive charge storer) and an anolyte (negative charge storer).

Why do flow battery developers need a longer duration system?

Flow battery developers must balance meeting current market needs while trying to develop longer duration systems because most of their income will come from the shorter discharge durations. Currently, adding additional energy capacity just adds to the cost of the system.

How can a stationary energy storage system be scaled and managed?

Scaling and managing the energy storage system includes innovations for integrating and managing many stacks in a stationary energy storage system. This also includes innovations to mitigate challenges, such as electrolyte stability in open air, temperature control versus degradation, and high-capacity/cell number stacks.

Which metallurgy innovations apply to cavern storage and tank storage?

Some innovations apply to cavern storage and tank storage; however, some only apply to tank storage. Mining and metallurgy innovations include hydrometallurgical processes, extracting metals as a byproduct of other mining processes, or multi-metal mining.