Development and verification of hydrogen energy storage

What is the current state of hydrogen storage technology?

As a general comment and based on currently available techno-economic analyses reports, at present, no single hydrogen storage technology satisfies all performance criteria required by manufacturers and end-users for the introduction of hydrogen into the global energy system.

Does hydrogen storage technology satisfy the performance criteria required by manufacturers and end-users?

Based on currently available techno-economic analyses reports, at present, no single hydrogen storage technology satisfies all performance criteria required by manufacturers and end-users for the introduction of hydrogen into the global energy system.

What are the requirements for hydrogen storage?

The key requirements for hydrogen storage include improvements in terms of operation conditions, energy density, fractional mass of hydrogen, compatibility with filling process in hydrogen fuelling stations, safety and on-board monitoring, and recycling of hydrogen storage vessels.

How can hydrogen be stored?

Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid. Storage as a gas requires high-pressure tanks (350–700 bar), while storage as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures due to hydrogen's boiling point of −252.8°C at one atmosphere pressure.

Can energy storage plus excess hydrogen be competitive with dedicated hydrogen production?

However, for producing larger volumes of excess hydrogen to feed into a hydrogen pipeline, the scenario with energy storage plus excess hydrogen could be competitive with a dedicated hydrogen production facility. The energy storage plus excess hydrogen scenario produces 500 kg/hour (12,000 kg/day) of excess hydrogen for $3.33/kg (untaxed).

How is hydrogen's low ambient temperature density a challenge?

Hydrogen has the highest energy per mass of any fuel; however, its low ambient temperature density results in a low energy per unit volume, therefore requiring the development of advanced storage methods that have potential for higher energy density. Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid.